Ancient Egyptian Art and Ancient Japanese Art Essay

Ancient Egyptian art during this time was a big time of this civilization. Ancient Egyptian Art usually depict god, goddess and animals, because of their high religious ways. Egytian art is still today recognized as some the most sophisticated works man has ever seen. I chose to works of art to compare and contrast Egyptian and Japanese art. I will start with Egyptian Art first. The Statue of Memi and Sabu Pair is a three dimensional work of art depicting husband and wife standing together These statues was placed in a serdab, the hidden statue chamber found in no royal tomb chapels of the Old Kingdom. This period of art was Egypt most innovative times because of Pyramids and works like this being made. The Egyptians believed that the spirit of the deceased could use such a statue as a home and enter it in order to benefit from gifts of food that were brought to the offering chapel of the tomb (The Metropolitan Museum of Art). The material used Giza Painted Limestone as part of Old Kingdom, Dynasty 4, between 2575–2465 b. c. This goes in with the time of what I discuss early that Egyptians having religious belief they often idealize and symbolize there dead. The pose is unusual because Memi is returning Sabu’s embrace by draping his arm around her shoulders showing a relationship between the two (The Metropolitan Museum of Art). Second work of art I chose is Ancient Japanese Art. Japanese Ancient Art is one the most dynamic art periods. They were the first to develop pottery. Ancient Japan pottery Go far back as the 11th BC. The work of art I chose to compare and contrast is Storage jar made of earthenware clay unglazed in Middle Jomon period between 2500–1500 B. C. The earthenware food vessel, which came from the Aomori Prefecture in northeastern Japan, is remarkable for the fine quality of its clay and its sophisticated decoration. The cord-marked herringbone pattern was reproduced by cords knotted together and twisted in opposite directions (The Metropolitan Museum of Art). Like the Egyptians they had very detail of work that symbolizes the culture. Japanese use these potteries to store food and eating. The reason for their vast use of pottery was probably so vast because the culture was always on the go at that time. In conclusion both works of both works of art show vast sophistication and symbolize a style based off their culture beliefs and needs. Egyptian Art may have more vast terminology than Japanese Art. Both have made an impact on society today.

How Can Cities Be More Sustainable Environmental Sciences Essay

Increasingly people are traveling to metropoliss and it is estimated that by the twelvemonth 2025 that 65 % of the universe ‘s population with be urban inhabitants ( Pacione 2007 ) . However, the demands of this turning urban population are impacting on our environment as resource ingestion and waste production wreak mayhem on our planet and our quality of life ( Wackernagel and Rees 1996 ) . The international consensus is that we need to move now toward sustainable development and this means happening a balance between societal, economic, and environmental precedences for now and future coevalss ( World Commission on Environment and Development 2004 ) . This essay will discourse the construct and rules of sustainable development as a model for be aftering for sustainable metropoliss, Australia ‘s national stance, be aftering dockets at the local degree, the common visions and actions for sustainable development, and reviewing the recent Brisbane City Centre Master Plan 2 026. The universe is presently home to a projected population estimation of 6.8 billion people ( US Census Bureau 2010 ) with approximately 22.4 million residing in Australia ( Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010 ) . Urbanization is happening at an dismaying rate with 50 % of the universe population presently populating in metropoliss and by the twelvemonth 2025 this figure is expected to hold risen to 65 % ( Pacione 2007 ) . These mega-cities have to run into the basic demands and consumerist life styles of 1000000s of people ensuing in degrees of resource ingestion and waste production which have black impacts on the environment ( Wackernagel and Rees 1996 ) . Our â€Å" ecological footmark † greatly outstrips the rate at which our environmental resources can be renewed and wastes can be absorbed which internationally has raised grave concerns for the future sustainability of our planet ( Wackernagel and Rees 1996 ) . If we fail to move now we may really good be jeopardizing the really being of future coevalss. So the inquiry is how to make we travel towards sustainability and the echoing reply is for the sustainable development of our metropoliss. The construct of sustainable development purposes to protect our hereafter and was foremost defined in Our Common Future by the World Commission on Environment and Development ( WCED ) in 1987 as â€Å" development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands † ( 2004, p.56 ) . Besides known as the Brundtland Commission, it advocated for sustainability which encompasses non merely our natural environment but equilibrating this with interacting economic and societal precedences ( WCED 2004 ) . The demand for sustainable development was emphasised once more internationally with the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ( UNCED ) in Rio de Janeiro ( the â€Å" Earth Summit † ) which resulted in Agenda 21 ( United Nations 2004 ) . This docket paperss the rules of sustainable development and is an international guideline for actions authoritiess, non-government administrations, and the community can take together to accomplish sustainability ( Department of the Environment and Heritage 2004 ) . Several international get-togethers and studies on sustainable development for our metropoliss have since occurred and legion states and international administrations have adopted the rules of sustainable development rules into their dockets. Despite the multiple of dockets, models, and acts steering the sustainable development of our parts and metropoliss it is still a fuzzed construct and therefore a closer expression at its three constituents – environment, societal, and economic system – is needed to place the issues and demands, signifier ends and aims, and develop programs for execution. Using this integrated planning attack has normally been called the ‘triple bottom line ‘ ( Williams 2007 ) .The Triple Bottom LineFirst coined by John Elkington in 1996, the ternary bottom line advocates that the attack to sustainable development and assessment steps of sustainable patterns should see societal, environmental, and economic indexs and how they impact upon each other ( Rogers and Ryan 2001 ) . Figure 1 illustrates merely how the three constituents of sustainability are intertwined.Figure 1. The mutuality the societal, economic, and environmental constituents of the Triple Bottom Line.When be a ftering for sustainable metropoliss a balance needs to be struck between the precedences of accomplishing societal equity and inclusion, economic prosperity, and the protection of the environment ( Campbell 1996 ) . Conflicts in the precedences of each factor are inevitable and metropoliss besides impact upon environing parts and on a national and even international graduated table. With this in head, this attack to be aftering sustainable metropoliss is bound to be more successful when all cardinal stakeholders ( authorities, concern, industry, non-profit administrations, community etc ) work in partnership. Examples of precedences enveloped under each ternary bottom line constituent are outlined below in Table 1.Table 1. Examples of Triple Bottom Line Priorities for Sustainable Development( Reproduced from: Dekay & A ; O'Brien 2001, Pacione 2007, United Nations 2004, Wackernagel & A ; Rees 1996 )ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESAir and H2O pollution ( i.e. COA? emanations ) Climate alteration ( i.e. increased H2O temperature ) Impacts on ecosystems and species biodiversity ( i.e. species extinction ) Over usage of land and natural resources ( i.e. over-fishing, deforestation ) Water deficits Natural catastrophes ( i.e. bushfires, cyclones, temblors, tsunamis )SOCIAL ISSUESHealth ( i.e. disease ) Poverty and hungriness Inadequate lodging ( i.e. homelessness ) Social unfairness ( i.e. human rights, chances ) War Crime Impacts on quality of life ( i.e. traffic congestion, noise )ECONOMICAL ISSUESUnemployment Issues with economic growing and stableness ( i.e. planetary fiscal crisis ) Campbell ( 1996 ) lineations three major struggles which can happen when turn toing these precedences: the belongings struggle ( economic growing versus societal equity ) , the resource struggle ( economic growing versus environmental protection ) , and the development struggle ( societal equity versus environmental protection ) . An illustration of a development struggle is happening land to develop lodging for the turning population while still continuing the environment and ecosystems ( i.e. Parkss, natural militias ) . The issues ( outlined in table 1 ) which are confronting the universe are by no agencies exhaustive and some are more applicable to developing ( i.e. poorness ) than developed states ( i.e. C emanations ) , therefore designation of these specific issues, the causes, and interactions confronting metropoliss at a local degree are critical towards sustainable planning. However, metropoliss can impact globally ( i.e. due to exporting ) and hence the overall ends and aims for be aftering for sustainable development should besides vibrate with regional, national and international dockets.Ecological Sustainable Development in AustraliaIn 1990, merely a twelvemonth after sustainable development had been brought to international attending by the WCED ‘s publishment of Our Common Future ( 2004 ) the Australian authorities embraced the construct specifying ‘ecological sustainable development ‘ ( ESD ) as â€Å" ‘using, conserving and heightening the community ‘s r esources so that ecological procedures, on which life depends, are maintained, and the entire quality of life, now and in the hereafter, can be increased † ( Commonwealth of Australia 1990, cited in Williams 2007, p. 124 ) . After old ages of extended audience between all the cardinal stakeholders ( i.e. authorities, concern, industry, community, non-profit administrations, faculty members ) , studies from cardinal industry sectors on sustainability issues and advice on ESD policy way, and careful consideration of planetary positions ( i.e. United Nation ‘s Agenda 21 ) the National Strategy for Ecological Sustainable Development was published in 1992 ( Department of the Environment and Heritage ( DoEH ) 1992 ) . This papers was endorsed by the Council of Australian Governments ( COAG ) and provides a national model for authoritiess to steer their determination devising and policy development towards guaranting sustainable development in Australian. Furthermore, the Strategy aims to inform industries, concerns, and the community and promote the development of policies and patterns towards a sustainable Australia ( DoEH 1992 ) . The ends, nucleus aims, and seven steering rules outlined in the Nationa l Strategy for Ecological Sustainable Development are outlined in the tabular array 2 below. Table 2. Overview of the National Strategy of for Ecological Sustainable Development ( NSESD ) ( DoEH 1992 ) Goal: Development that improves the entire quality of life, both now and in the hereafter, in a manner that maintains the ecological procedures on which life depends.CORE Aim:to heighten single and community wellbeing and public assistance by following a way of economic development that safeguards the public assistance of future coevalss to supply for equity within and between coevalss to protect biological diverseness and keep indispensable ecological procedures and life-support systemsGUIDING Principles:determination devising procedures should efficaciously incorporate both long and short-run economic, environmental, societal and equity considerations where there are menaces of serious or irreversible environmental harm, deficiency of full scientific certainty should non be used as a ground for proroguing steps to forestall environmental debasement the planetary dimension of environmental impacts of actions and policies should be recognised and considered the demand to develop a strong, turning and diversified economic system which can heighten the capacity for environmental protection should be recognised the demand to keep and heighten international fight in an environmentally sound mode should be recognised cost effectual and flexible policy instruments should be adopted, such as improved rating, pricing and inducement mechanisms determinations and actions should supply for wide community engagement on issues which affect them In reexamining the aims of the NSESD the three basis of sustainable development are present: accomplishing environmental protection, societal wellbeing and equity, and economic development now and for future coevalss. The rules are really wide sweeping and argue for a collaborative, careful and balanced attack towards determination devising and actions to accomplish sustainable environment, economic system, and communities in Australia. Of note is the 2nd rule, besides known as the â€Å" precautional rule † , which emphasises that deficiency of scientific grounds should non forestall action to debar serious environmental debasement ( Williams 2007 ) . The NSESD rules have been incorporated into legion local, province, and federal authorities Acts in Australia, including ( but non limited to ) environmental, land, H2O, coastal, and be aftering Acts ( Peel 2005, Williams 2007 ) . One of the most recent planning Acts is the Queensland Government ‘s Sustainable Planning Act ( SPA ) 2009 ( Department of Infrastructure and Planning 2009a ) which replaces the Integrated Planning Act 1997. In line with the NSESD rules, the intent of this new act is to accomplish ecological sustainability by pull offing the procedure and effects of development ( guaranting answerability ) on the environment and guaranting that local, regional, and province planning is integrated together through collaborative partnerships ( Department of Infrastructure and Planning 2009b ) . Another of import papers which is steering local planning in Australia is the United Nation ‘s Local Agenda 21 ( LA21, chapter 28 of Agenda 21 ) . This plan provides a model to implement sustainable development at the local degree and strongly encourages community engagement with local authoritiess in the development of policies, action programs, and enterprises for their metropoliss and the surrounding parts. Australia has been committed since 1997 to advance the Local Agenda 21 plan and provides local authoritiess with resources and funding towards be aftering for and implementing sustainable policies, schemes, plans, and activities in their local countries ( Cotter and Hannan 1999 ) . Figure 2 illustrations the five action phases of LA21. These actions provide a construction for planning in which it appears to be both in line with the procedural rational attack and values-based in that it focuses on developing programs based on a wealth of information and cognition from all possible beginnings and actively measuring whether executions are working towards accomplishing the program ‘s ends and marks. Of note is that beginnings for planning can include: looking at beginnings which provide information on what the indexs or issues are happening ( i.e. of the State of the Environment studies ( Williams 2007 ) , ecological footmark appraisals ( Wackernagel & A ; Rees 1996 ) ) ; sing what authoritiess ( i.e. regional programs ) and administrations are making ; affecting the community and concerns to pull on their cognition, experiences, and needs ; and feedback from reappraisals and studies on the results of ain and other enforced programs. Figure 2. Action countries in Local Agenda 21 procedure ( Cotter, B & A ; Hannan, K 1999 ) As mentioned antecedently, LA21 is a planetary plan for be aftering sustainably and hence by supervising and describing on the results around the universe this feeds back into the planning procedure and is bound to make common visions for our metropoliss and the manner authoritiess ( and hopefully communities and concerns ) go about accomplishing them.Common Visions for Sustainable DevelopmentOver the past 30 old ages, since our focal point has turn towards sustainability, common visions and ends for metropoliss across the universe are playing out as we face similar quandaries. In his reappraisal of sustainable urban development in 1998 Wheeler highlighted nine chief waies for be aftering to accomplish the development of sustainable metropoliss ( 2007 ) . These, along with short descriptions, are listed in table 3 below. A major recurrent subject is the demand to switch our dependence on auto transit to more sustainable signifiers of conveyance ( i.e. trains, coachs, bikes ) in the a ttempt to cut down its impacts such as air pollution, urban conurbation, low quality of life, and demand on natural resources ( i.e. fuel ) . This and the vision of resource decrease, as seen from a personal point of position, would hold to be the hardest to accomplish. This is merely because personal transit and resources ( i.e. engineering, communications, mundane merchandises – the list is eternal! ) are so entwined in the economic system ( i.e. movement/production of goods ) and human thoughts of freedom and leisure that these extenuate the motive for alteration. Table 3. Common Visions for Sustainable Cities ( Reproduced from Wheeler 2007 ) Compact, Efficient Land Use – In built-up countries expeditiously use land and do infinites more green, safe, attractive, and livable ; continue farm land, ecological home grounds, and unfastened infinites near metropoliss. Less Car Use, Better Access – Reduce the demand for auto transit ( i.e. to work ) by constructing up public transit and entree ; making urban small towns where services and employment are in close propinquity to places ; cater environment for bikes and paseos ; increase pricing related to auto transit ( i.e. parking, fuel, enrollment fees ) Efficient Resource Use, Less Pollution and Waste – Greater focal point on resources which are reclaimable and reclaimable ; enterprises and inducements to cut down resource ingestion ( i.e. electricity, H2O ) ; increase pricing related to resource ingestion ( i.e. electricity ) Restoration of Natural Systems – reconstructing natural land and waterways to supply corridors and home grounds for wildlife and opens infinites for people to reconnect with the environment ; reconstruct bing urban Parkss and unfastened infinites ; urban horticulture to turn nutrient and workss ; reclaim abandoned land for ecological Restoration and human activities to reconstruct wellness Good Housing And Living Environments – purpose to supply low-cost lodging and design and restore houses and vicinities to give people easy accessible services, installations, and recreational and cultural infinites A Healthy Social Ecology – reduce/eliminate homelessness ; address entrenched societal jobs which are impacting on quality of life ( i.e. racism ) ; enhance community, chances, and authorization for groups to accomplish equity and justness. Sustainable Economics – an economic system that helps to reconstruct the environment and societal harm and prevent future harm ; provides valuable employment and invests locally ( i.e. local green goods ) ; economic sector move towards renewable resources and puting in new sustainable engineerings and merchandises ( i.e. intercrossed autos ) . Community Participation And Involvement – create a more functional local and regional democracy which promotes community engagement and engagement in decision-making Preservation Of Local Culture And Wisdom – through encouragement of traditional trades, linguistic communications, rites, cultural patterns, and edifice techniques ; protect local merchandises from mass-produced imports ; protect local farming area and resource stocks ; integrate architecture and stuffs into local development. A good beginning to exemplify how Australia is be aftering for sustainable development is the Brisbane City Council ‘s Brisbane City Centre Master Plan 2006 which outlines the strategic way and model for the development of Brisbane to the twelvemonth 2026. The program ‘s highlighted issues and schemes are enveloped under the three focal point of sustainable development: design and environment, people and civilization ( i.e. societal ) , and economic sciences and concern ( Brisbane City Council 2006 ) . Figure 3 below illustrates the model of the maestro program.Figure 3. The Brisbane City Centre Master Plan Framework( Brisbane City Council 2006, p. 17 ) As a metropolis Brisbane ‘s population is expected to hold increased by 70 % in the twelvemonth 2026 ( Brisbane City Council 2006 ) . The vision for Brisbane metropolis is for a compact ( high-density ) metropolis based around the river which: has: green and unfastened infinites for diversion and assemblage ; provides chances for creativeness ; provides life, working, and leisure demands for a multi-cultural society ; preserves the metropolis ‘s cultural and heritage ; provides each entree and mobility for all types of motion and conveyance ( i.e. bicyclers, vehicles ) ; is an economically comfortable metropolis ( i.e. concern, touristry, instruction ) ; and provides a safe environment ( Brisbane City Council 2006 ) . Interestingly there are societal and economic schemes outlined in the papers but no expressed mention to an environmental scheme other than the ‘built environment ‘ scheme which involves the design and development of constructions. Alternatively mentions to ‘sustainable ‘ patterns affecting the environment are spread throughout the program such as: sustainable edifices and public infinites, air emanations, biodiversity resources, and ‘adopting sustainable resource patterns in relation to stuffs, energy, and H2O efficiency ‘ ( Brisbane City Council 2006, p.19 ) . The Brisbane City Centre Master Plan 2006 high spots widespread arguments and concerns that all the declarations for sustainable development are no more than canonized lip-service as societal and economic factors still hold precedence over protecting our environment. Furthermore, it is questioned whether the execution of policies which are geared towards sustainable development are taking topographic point ( Pacione 2007, Wackernagel & A ; Rees 1996 ) . There is no easy reply, it may be that societal and economic sustainability require more focal point to work towards long-run environmental sustainability. Plans for the sustainable development of our metropoliss surround visions crossing from anyplace between 5 to 50 old ages into the hereafter and are invariably reviewed in visible radiation of new precedences. It will take clip to alter our society so we are willing to take on the duty, to accomplish a balance between human wellbeing and equity, economic stableness, and caring for the environment that sustains our life and that of other species. Barriers to alter besides have to be explored such as unfairness of groups ( i.e. hapless versus wealthy ) in their capacity for sustainable patterns and the restrictions of political dockets. However, these alterations may non be plenty if we have gone excessively far to retrieve a sustainable environment and drastic alternate solutions, such as engineering and scientific discipline, may be the hereafter planning for sustainable metropoliss.DecisionSustainable Development is a planning attack which aims to accomplish sustainable metropoliss by striking a balance between the precedences of societal equity, economic prosperity, and the protection of the environment ( Campbell 1996 ) . This attack has been endorsed by internationally administrations ( WCED, UN ) and states across the universe which have incorporated the rules of sustainable development into their national, regional, and local dockets, Acts of the Apostless, and metropolis programs. In audience with cardinal stakeholders the Australian authorities developed their ain ‘ecological sustainable development ‘ ( ESD ) national scheme as a model for authoritiess, concerns, industries, and communities to steer their policy development and determination devising towards guaranting sustainable development in Australian ( DoEH 1992 ) . The rules of sustainable development have besides found their manner into legion Acts of the Apostless including the Sustainable Planning Act 2009 ( Department of Infrastructure and Planning 2009a ) which guides planning in Queensland to guarantee local, regional, and province planning is integrated together through collaborative partnerships ( Department of Infrastructure and Planning 2009b ) . The United Nation ‘s Local Agenda 21 plan is besides an internationally critical tool to steer local authoritiess to develop of policies, action programs, and enterprises for their metropoliss and the surrounding parts ( Cotter and Hannan 1999 ) . Furthermore, through appraisal and coverage of the results of execution of sustainable programs, metropoliss around the Earth can use this information to steer their ain programs for sustainable development relevant to their country. Common sustainable development visions include: compact and efficient land usage ; reduced dependence on auto transit and better entree to promote alternate signifiers of conveyance ; reduced resource ingestion ; ecological Restoration ; low-cost lodging and better life environments ; societal equity and justness ; sustainable economic system ; community engagement and engagement in decision-making ; and the saving of local civilization and cognition. However, when reexamining a local program ( Brisbane City ) there is grounds that in Australia economic growing and making healthy communities and taking precedency over saving of our environment. This illustration challenges whether all the declarations, dockets, and programs for sustainable development are really being implemented, particularly in relation to the environment. There is no uncertainty that accomplishing a balance between the three constituents of sustainable development is hard as precedences are conflicting and barriers to execution are present. A thorough appraisal of the barriers to sustainable development would be beneficially so these can be addressed, in every bit much as they can, and considered in future planning towards sustainable metropoliss. It may be that new engineerings and scientific discipline will supply the chance by which these struggles and barriers are overcome and worlds begin to populate in harmoniousness with their environment.

Drafting and Use of Questionnaire as a Research Tool in Legal Research Essay

Introduction The word research is derived from the Middle French â€Å"recherche†, which means â€Å"to go about seeking†, the term itself being derived from the Old French term â€Å"recerchier† a compound word from â€Å"re-† + â€Å"cerchier†, or â€Å"sercher†, meaning ‘search’. The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577 Research and experimental development is formal work undertaken systematically to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications (OECD (2002) Frascati Manual: proposed standard practice for surveys on research and experimental development, 6th edition. It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects, or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. In lay man language research means search or find those things which are already in existence. Research work is not something which can be completed in one stroke or in one step. It consists of a number of closely related activities which very often overlap, and therefore, it becomes difficult to ascertain where one step ended and the other began. However, it is important to keep in mind that various steps are not mutually exclusive, nor they are totally separate and distinct. What step should be followed at what time depends on the research . However, the following guide-lines in this regard are significant: 1. Formulation of researcher problem- At the very outset the researcher must choose the area in which he wants to carry on research. In the field of law the researcher has a very wide scope. After selecting the area we are required to select specific topic or subject for the study. Thus formulation of a general topic into a specific researcher problem constitutes the first step in this regard. It can be said that formulation the researcher problem involves two steps: a) Understanding the problem thoroughly: and b) Re-shaping that understanding into meaningful terms to arrive at a concrete result. Thus formulation of research problem is very significant for a researcher and if it is done successfully, a good deal of battle is won. 2. Extensive literature survey- Once a problem is formulated a brief summary of it should be prepared. For this the researcher must undertake an extensive survey of the available literature on the subject: preferably connected with the problem. For this purpose the abstracting and indexing journals, published and unpublished bibliographies should first of all be examined. Academic journals, conference proceedings government reports, reference books and text books, depending on the nature of the problem must be seen. 3. Formulation of hypothesis- When the literature relating to the problem is extensively surveyed researcher should state in clear terms the hypothesis. A hypothesis is the tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical consequences. In its most elementary stage the hypothesis may be any guess, imagination ideas which becomes the basis for action or investigation. It helps in the analysis of the material pertaining to the subject. It helps in delimiting the area of research and keeps the researcher on the right track. 4. Collection of material- A research cannot be said to be duly carried out unless the relevant materials have been examined. But the relevant cannot be examined unless and until they have been collected and compiled. The collection of the relevant materials is most difficult and comprehensive work and requires lot of energy and attention as well as patience. 5. Analysis of material- Once the requisite materials are collected, the researcher undertakes to analyse them. This is also a very important step in the direction of fulfilment of research work. In case of doctrinal research the researcher can proceed smoothly if he is well aware about the principles of interpretation and construction. He is required to examine the fact of each case, the principle applied to that fact, the line of argument taken, relief sought and provided and if necessary the history or legislation, etc. There may be situations in relation to which no statutory provision existed it was decided on the basis of the principle of justice, equity and good conscience. If the bulk of the examined material indicates to a particular direction, the principle so applied should be accepted as general principles and principles not applied should be deemed to have been overlooked. 6. Testing of hypothesis- After analysis of materials or data as the case may be the researcher becomes confident enough to test his hypothesis which he had already formulated. He can examine if the material or data after analysis support his hypothesis or they are contrary to it. The hypothesis testing ultimately results in either accepting the hypothesis or in rejecting it or in making amendment in it. 7. Generalisation and interpretation- The research work whether doctrinal or non-doctrinal will proceed towards generalisation and interpretation if the hypothesis has been tested positive. If it results in negative the question of generalisation and interpretation does not arise. The purpose of generalisation and interpretation is to built up a theory to be applicable in future to adjudicate upon similar and identical problems. This process of generalisation and interpretation, while helping in formulation of a general theory, also raises many important question which may lead to further research and till those question are answered they may be regarded as exceptions to the general theory or principle thus build up. 8. Preparation of report- The penultimate task in a researcher work is to write the report of the exercise done so far. It should be prepared with great care and caution because it is this report that gives credit to the researcher. Objective of research are following: i. To familiarize with a phenomenon or to acquire new insights into an existing fact, that is, Exploratory Research. ii. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else, that is, Diagnostic Research. iii. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular object, situation or group, that is, Descriptive Research. iv. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between two objects, that is, Hypothesis Testing Research. v. To separate fact from speculation and wish, that is, Distinguishing Research. Definition- Research has been defined in a number of different ways. A broad definition of research is given by Martyn Shuttleworth – â€Å"In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge.† Another definition of research is given by Creswell who states – â€Å"Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyse information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue†. It consists of three steps: Pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question. The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research in more detail as â€Å"a studious inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws†. The Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911 edition) defines research to mean- â€Å"the act of searching into a matter closely and carefully, inquiry directed to the discovery of truth and in particular the trained scientific investigation of the principles and facts of any subject, based on original and first hand study of authorities or experiment. Investigation of every kind which has been based on original sources of knowledge may be styled research and it may be said that without ‘research’ no authoritative work have been written, no scientific inventions or discoveries made, no theories of any value propounded†. This definition is probably most exhaustive and meaningful. Meaning and Objective of Legal Research- ‘Legal research’ means research in that branch of knowledge which deals with the principles of law and legal institution. There are three main sources of law, that is, legislation, precedent, and custom. Juristic writings are another important though secondary source of law and their important is dependent on the fact whether it is given due recognition by the courts or the legislature or jurists in solving problems or not. The contents of these sources of law change with the changing requirement of the society and if these changes are not taken into account in interpreting the law, the existing law is bound to be doomed. The aim of law is, therefore, to regulate the human behaviour in the present day society and hence, legal research must be directed to the study of the relationship between the world of the law and the world that the law purports to govern. Generally, law is enacted to regulate the human conduct for the welfare of humankind. It is considered that law should be enacted to protect the interest of a person, society, and the county as a whole. The goal of legal research cannot be distinguished from the goal of law. As law is directly related with the social science, its research is also automatically related with the research of social science. This is the age of democracy and good governance. Democracy and good governance depend upon the rule of law. In democratic society, law is changed for welfare of the people and society along with the pace of time. Alternatively, law shall not be constraint for the development rather it be facilitator. That is why law needs charges. Similarly, legal research is essential to have changes in law for socialization and betterment of the people and society. Now-a-days, legal research is not limited only on the analysing of criminal behaviour, activities of public, court, public prosecutors, legal practitioners etc. but it also includes the protection of environment of all creatures in the world and the development as well. As a result, legal research plays crucial role for the welfare of the humankind and is more important than others to bring positive changes in our society and at the end in the whole humankind. The following are the objectives of legal research- i. To discover new facts; i. To test and verify old facts; ii. To analysis the facts in new theoretical framework; iii. To examine the consequences of new facts or new principles of law; or judicial decisions; iv. To develop new legal researcher tools or apply tools of other disciplines in the area of law; v. To propound a new legal concept; vi. To analyse law and legal institutions from point of view of history; vii. To examine the nature and scope of new law or legal institutions; viii. To ascertain the merits and demerits of old law or institution and to give suggestion for a new or institution in place of old one; ix. To ascertain the relationship between legislature and judiciary and to give suggestion as to haw one can assist the discharge of one’s duties and responsibilities; and x. To develop the principles of interpretation for critical examination of statutes. These objectives of legal research as of any other research may be obtained by any of the following processes: i. Evolutive; or ii. Explicative; or iii. Identificatory; or iv. Projective; or v. Collative; or vi. Impact analysis; or vii. Interactive; or viii. Interpretative. Evolutive process : Evolutive research is one which seeks to identify the roots of a social evil and tries to prohibit it by law, eg. Eradication of dowry , prohibition of Sati, prohibition of child marriage, legalising widow marriage, etc. historical facts play most important role in this kind of research. Explicative process- Explicative process is one which tries to ascertain the nature, scope of law in order to fxplain the nature, scope of law in order to explain what law is, e.g. law relating to industrial pollution and legal relating to administrative action and its legal control, matrimonial relief etc. Identificatory process- An identificatory process is one whose objective is to ascertain the people for whose benefit a legal is enacted e.g. research carried on to find out the beneficiaries of land reform, beneficiaries of reservation among Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Backwards, the group of industrial establishments kept out of the area of operation of a piece of legislation, e.g. activities outside the area of the Factories Act, 1948, industrial establishments not covered by the Provident Fund Act, etc. employees entitled to the benefit of provident fund and insurance fund, etc. Projective Process- A projective process is one which aims at examining the degree of social acceptance to a policy the State is planning to implement. This kind of research attempts to find out at the very beginning, the mood of the people or masses, or electorate or industrial workers, whether they will accept the proposed scheme or not, or they will accept it with certain modification. Truly speaking, it is a survey beforehand rather than a research work to find out the feasibility of the proposed scheme. Collative process- A collative process is one which tries to find out the effect of existing law, in relation to other existing law, i.e. its objective is to compare the two set of rules to find out which one is more workable and by which the desired effect may be achieved. Impact analysis process- This kind of research is carried on to find out the impact of an established or newly formed legal principle, rule or institution. In the area of planning this kind of study assumes much significance. On the basis of the outcome of the research necessary changes may be made wherever necessary it helps us to change our outlook towards the objective sought to be achieved, thus it is a preliminary steps to law reform. Interactive process- Law does not operate in vacuum. It operates in society. There are a number of other factors, which interact with it. These factors are of various types such as formal or non-formal, permanent or transitory. A legal researcher cannot be insensitive to such factors of society which annihilate the entire fabric of law. Since law is a part of the society, therefore, the law should be such as that it can work in the society. A researcher must take care of- a) The relative autonomy of law in relation to other component of society; b) The relationship between various component within the legal system; and c) The inter-dependence of one or more components of law within the legal system. Interpretative Research process- This kind of research aims at interpreting the various words and phrases used in defining the law. The researcher makes effort to give a particular word, a specific meaning by using his own logic and authoritative opinion of other people. This kind of researcher is confined mostly to the study of statutes, text and judicial pronouncement and is done by analysing the words. It helps acquire clarity, consistency, uniformity in the meaning of legal writing. These objectives of researcher, thus, help us in determining for what purpose the research is directed, and how, the research may be carried on. In the process, the researcher explains the relevant juridical concept, analysis statutory provisions, picks out significant juridical date, formulated principles deducible from judicial decisions and arranges the whole material in some logical order.If the researcher has sufficient aptitude for research, he may identify the problems likely to arise and deduct principles with sufficient prec ision to provide solution to those problems. Tools of Legal Research- In pursuing research for disclosing facts or proving a hypothesis true or false, various kinds of methods can be applied for the successful research. The following research methods collectively or individually can be applied for the successful research as the main methods. A. Observation: Information can be received by observing, visiting and viewing the place, society, events or the things pertinent to the study or research. Observation can be taken as primary and reliable source of information. If a researcher is careful, he/she can get the points that may play the significant role in his research or study. Observation is a method that is common in the research of legal and social science. Observation should be guided by a specific research purpose, the information receive from the observation should be recorded and subjected to checks on the trail of reliability. B. Questionnaire: In questionnaire method, a researcher develops a form containing such questions pertinent to his study. Generally, the researcher prepares yes/ No questions or short answer questions. In questionnaire method, researcher distributes such forms to the people to whom he/she deems appropriate. The people, to whom the questionnaires have been distributed, should answer that what they have known by filling out the form and return it to researcher. C. Sampling: When the subject of research is vague, comprehensive and when each indicator cannot be taken by virtue of financial constraint, time and complexity, etc. then the researcher can randomly collect data/sample depending on the reason. This is called as sampling method. For instance, in a demographic research, part of population represent various groups can be taken into consideration That is why, it is said that sample is a method that saves time and money. D. Interviews: A researcher can receive information sought by him/her asking people concerned through interview. It is a direct method of receiving information. Interview can be generally held asking questions in face-to-face contact to the person or persons and sometimes through telephone conversation. This method is common in the research of legal and social science. In this method, the researcher has to use less skill and knowledge to receive information he/she had sought. Interview is known as an art of receiving pertinent information. In the opinion of P.V. Young, interview can be taken as a systematic method by which a person enters more or less imaginatively into the life of a stranger. E. Case study: Case study is taken as one of the important and reliable methods for legal research. Case study can be defined as a method of research where facts and grounds of each legal issue are dealt with by taking individual case. Case study is a method of exploring and analysing of life of a social unit such as a person, a family, an institution, a cultural group or even entire community. It is a way of organizing social data so as to preserve the utility character of the social object being studied.11 Keeping in view to the matters above, we can state here that the case study is a method of legal research to explore and analyse the fact and data of a social unit and to organize social data for prescription of useful character and society.

Managing Financial Resources and Decisions 2 Essay

Managing Financial Resources and Decisions 2 - Essay Example Not only this, cash budget also assists the financial manager about the cash balances at the beginning and closing of any period. In case if the business wish to make any non-routine expenditure, cash budget can help in meeting this cause. In case of any cash shortages, overdraft facility from the bank can be arranged in or order to meet the necessary expenditures of the business. b) In order to calculate the price per batch of the ice creams the individual cost per batch in terms of material, labour and overheads are estimated. Direct material and labour calculations are relatively simpler than factory overhead. For factory overheads, the cost of service department is absorbed into the cost of factory departments and apportioned on the basis of floor area in sq. m. Factory overhead rate is then computed in order to calculate the factory overhead per batch. The total cost of producing a batch of ice creams is found to be $371. Therefore, the selling price of the batch should be in between $500 and $600 range giving a profit of at least 25%. d) The following is the investment appraisal calculation in which the appraisal of the new project is made. NPV, IRR, Payback, and ARR are calculated in order to check out the viability of the project. From the above calculations, it can be observed that all the investment appraisal techniques reflect that the project is not viable at all. The initial investment of the project, which is $4,000, cannot be recovered in the project’s life. Negative Net Present Value also shows that the project will not enhance the overall cash flows of the company. Internal rate of Return is also quite negative, which suggests that the project is unable to provide healthy returns to the shareholders. Accounting rate of return is also negative which means that project will not increase the overall income of the

Desertation questionaire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Desertation questionaire - Essay Example Additional faculty would be required to cope with the changes and new curriculum would be added in Chinese language. The school has applied for grant from the state and is hopeful of receiving it. In the meantime the administrators would like a report incorporating the evaluation of the expansion process. The main expansion would be in the area of incorporating technology which would enhance the education system. Apart from this, the sports facilities and the gymnasium area were considered inadequate as the number of students has gone up. The question of expansion arose because it has been felt that students need to balance between studies and sports. To enhance the quality of the students, to make them capable of competing with others schools in the region, to improve the efficiency of the staff, to enhance teaching facilities for the faculty, expansion has been considered necessary. 2. Any decision is based on a body of knowledge. This body of knowledge is produced through research. By applying the appropriate methodologies and the research method, the body of knowledge can be established and advanced with confidence. Any research is valuable because research adds to the existing knowledge. Research helps to take decisions; research synthesizes information. Research methodology is the procedural framework within which the research is conducted. The methodology depends upon the topic to be researched and the specific research questions are the primary drivers. The research would attempt to find how the faculty and staff respond to the changes as a result of expansion. Any change brings resistance from the employees. Employees in an academic institution comprise of the teaching and non-teaching staff. The change could affect the educational system or the administration of the school. It is essential to evaluate the implications of change because it affects the

Principles of Dental Hygiene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Principles of Dental Hygiene - Essay Example Critics of fluoridation say that past research is biased and outdated. Proponents of fluoridation cite their own research and insist that fluoridation has proven itself useful and safe in preventing dental decay. Both sides have creditable supporters and the conflict has no straightforward solution. With the question of whether fluoridation has a proven health benefit to people, comes the issue of individual rights. There exists argument that the rights of individuals are violated when they are forced to consume fluoridated water. Some have gone so far in protest as to acquire their own sources for unfluoridated water. As a result of the debate over the effectiveness and health risks of fluoridation, there is a belief that the By 1992, nearly 60% of the American public consumed water from fluoridated sources. Fluoridation began in the US in 1945 and has since been implemented in almost every major city. The Center for Disease Control (CDC, 1999) lists the fluoridation of drinking water as one of the top ten advancements made in American public health since 1900. Evidence suggests that ingested fluoride systemically prevents tooth decay while teeth develop. Topical application to mature teeth has also shown to reduce tooth loss in adults. . Fluoride strengthens teeth and makes them more decay-resistant. Fluoride acts on the enamel of teeth. The enamel is made less soluble and plaque-forming organisms have a reduced ability to produce acid. Remineralization also occurs in areas where acids have caused demineralization. The ADA fully endorses fluoridation of community water sources and recommends dietary fluoride supplements for children aging from six months to sixteen years old living in non-fluoridated areas. Tooth decay, also known as dental caries, is a health problem that has plagued human kind for centuries. Up until 60 years ago, the damage caused by Fluoridation 4 caries was an inevitable fact of life for most people. The disease often meant many visits to the dentist where damaged and painful teeth were repaired or removed. Today, primarily as a result of fluoride, damage caused by decay can be reduced and, in many instances, prevented. Fluorides' benefits for teeth were discovered in the 1930's. Dental scientists observed remarkably low decay rates among people whose water supplies contained significant amounts of natural fluoride. Several studies conducted during the 1940s and 1950s confirmed that when a small amount of fluoride is added to the community water supply, decay rates among residents of that community decrease. Although these studies focused primarily on the benefits of water fluoridation for children, more recent studies demonstrate that decay rates in adults are also reduced as a result of fluoride in the drinking water. Water fluoridation prevents tooth decay in two ways. The first is through direct contact with teeth and the second is by systemic absorption in the body. The most inexpensive way to deliver the benefits of fluoride to all residents of a community is through water fluoridation. All water naturally contains some fluoride. When a

The Importance of Workforce Motivation within an Organization Research Paper - 6

The Importance of Workforce Motivation within an Organization - Research Paper Example The performance, productivity, competitive advantage, as well as the corporate social responsibility within a company, is all attributed to excellence in employee motivation. There are varieties of environmental types that are known to influence the ways in which motivation should be done. For Cadbury, it cannot be concluded that there is no motivation that takes place, but the paths utilized may not identify these major areas. These are inclusive of all external factors like economic, legal, technological, and social factors. The internal factors are leadership, structure, culture, processes, design of job, as well as the benefit factors. The personal factors are inclusive of experiences, aspirations, needs etc. The ways in which motivation is created within Kraft may be attributed to the concern driven towards the herein stated areas (Crouse 20). The motivation of organizational employees plays a pivotal role in the determination of success levels. The main goal of managers motivat ing employees is to reduce or completely eradicate employee turnover rates. The availability of inadequate employee motivational factors leads to the increment of employee turnover rates. The turnover rates that are high lead to the exhaustion of the organizational bodies, for instance, managers will tire training workers who end up working for other organizations. The enhancement of organizational competitive advantage is very crucial as enhanced by strategic employee motivation. Competitive advantage is sort via the utilization of competitive outsourcing strategies that are geared towards overcoming a volatile and competitive business environment. The satisfaction of employees acts as a driving force to the increment of their desire to perform activities related to the job. The retention of these employees makes the company go to higher heights, for instance, the Kraft Company that now supersedes the Cadbury Company. The value of the company gains a path for increment via employee satisfaction enhancement. The value is a rationale for the creation of company sustainability in a competitively volatile surrounding regardless of its size or other considerable factors (Crouse 21). Increased company performance is also attributed to the motivation of employees. Kraft has been recently in the overtaking business and has definitely overtaken Cadbury due to its emphasis on employee retention. The more the employees are retained within an organization, the greater the ultimate performance due to long periods of job acquaintances by the employees.

Is Libertarian Paternalism a good idea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is Libertarian Paternalism a good idea - Essay Example Nudge is the method of influencing behavior by ways of choice architecting. The feedback system in a school and incentive programs in organizations are all different example of this Nudge. Being a parent in this age is not an easy task. Over the decades the position of teenagers has changed considerably. There was once a time when all the focus was on the elder generations. The television programs, products etc everything targeted the elders. However this generation has seen a totally different side of affairs. If we look around we can see how much importance the younger generations are given. There are special products, television shows, movies and many other aspects of life which are entirely focused and dedicated to them. This treatment of teenagers has changed the ‘obedient child’ into an independent person. This person knows his rights and importance and therefore is not willing to give up any part of his independence. This phenomenon makes the life of parents even tougher. They have to control a generation of independent teenagers who are inexperienced about life no matter how much they brag about being all grownup. There are many different forms of knowledge. The internet has an adequate quantity of literature about everything and anything. There are some aspects of knowledge however which cannot be learned overnight. This branch of knowledge is usually referred to as experience. There are many decisions in life which require us to make choices that could not only affect us but also have considerable affects on others around us. We are forced to make those choices despite the fact that we sometimes are not ready to make them. This is the problem many parents face. They cannot interfere directly with decisions of their children but cannot also watch them ruin their own life. The parents are usually more experienced in making choices because they have seen

Basic law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Basic law - Essay Example A substitution might be necessary if the court decided a litigation guardian did not act in the best interests of the minor (Queen’s Bench Rules 2008). 5. The burden of proof in this case is carried by Gina Shez Maria Sobello, Jai Desmond Sorbello and Andre Giovani Sorbello. 6. The test of intention leads the court to the statement that it is permissible to have regard to the subsequent conduct of the parties for the purpose of ascertaining whether the intention to be attributed to them was to make a binding agreement or otherwise. 7. The common law presumptions the courts rely upon in deciding if the parties intended to be legally bound is that in social or domestic situations legal relations are not intended. In a business context, however, the courts will presume that the agreement was indented to be legally bounding. In relation to social cases such presumptions can be rebutted in an attempt to show that there was an attempt for legal relations (Online Legal Coach 2008). 8 . The English case mentioned in the process is Balfour v Balfour[1919] 2 KB 571; 35 T.L.R. 609 , King's Bench: a husband who worked abroad promised his wife who in England to sent 30 pounds monthly. Then they divorced and she brought that action for the money he promised to her but didn’t pay (Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571; 35 T.L.R. 609). 9. The Queensland case cited in the judgment is Riches v Hogben [1986] 1 Qd R 315: a man agreed that his mother would give him a house in Australia if he moved there to take care of her. The family gave up his rent-free house, sold a car and other belongings to depart to Australia on time. The mother bought a house, however, did not put it in his name, but on hers, and made the man’s family leave her house. The son then sued in order to enforce the contract with the mother. The Full Court, however, found the contract unenforceable (Heffey, Paterson and Hocker 1998). Mullins J refers to Riches v Hogben stating that â€Å"It is pe rmissible to have regard to the subsequent conduct of the parties for the purpose of ascertaining whether the intention to be attributed to them was to make a binding agreement or otherwise† (Sorbello & Ors v. Sorbello & Anor [2005] QSC 219) 10. Mullins J concluded that the first defendant (John Sorbello) was an honest witness. As a result, John’s evidence evidence on the events was preferred to that of Mrs Anderson or Gina. 11. The order of the court was that the proceeding be dismissed. 12. Regarding the costs of the case, it was decided that Mrs Anderson, as his litigation guardian, was ordered responsible for any costs ordered against Andre. However, the issue of whether she should be ordered to pay all the costs of both defendants was questioned by the judge who promised to hear submissions from both parties regarding the costs. 13. I believe the decision was fair. There was no formal (written) contract. Part B 1. Considering that Harry, who was willing to sell the bar, is representing a business entity, here a contract between Monty and Harry according to the common presumption that in business situations legal relations are intended. Furthermore, the court would assume that the agreement was indented to be legally bounding. In addition, since option is a contract that signifies one party’s intention to acquire a legal right to buy something (Farlex, Inc.

Applied Ethics and Social Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Applied Ethics and Social Responsibility Essay 1) Why do you think Starbucks has been so concerned with social responsibility in its overall corporate strategy? â€Å"I think that Starbucks has been concerned with social responsibility in its overall corporate strategy because in the long run it affects the bottom line. By being socially responsible, the business is also showing that they care about more than their profits. Caring about more than just profits allows for greater employee commitment, investor loyalty, as well as higher customer satisfaction. Research has also shown that social responsibility and good business ethics contributes to higher profits. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2013)† 2) Is Starbucks unique in being able to provide a high level of benefits to its employees? â€Å"No, Starbucks is not unique in being able to provide a high level of benefits to its employees. Business ethics has become more important in the business world and it has been found that if a company is dedicated to taking care of its employees, the more dedicated the employees will be. If an employee sees that the company is acting and treats them in an ethical manner, the employee is more likely to act in an ethical manner. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2013)† 3) Do you think that Starbucks has grown rapidly because of its ethical and socially responsible activities or because it provides products and an environment that customers want? â€Å"I think that Starbucks has grown rapidly because it has combined a product and environment that people want with great business ethics and social responsibility. This combination has allowed the company to expand exponentially during a good economy and maintain in a bad economy. By being socially responsible and treating their employee’s right, the company has less of a turnover rate and in the long run has been able to avoid large layoffs and shutting down a large amount of stores. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2013)† 4) In what other ways does this case relate to the concepts that we have learned in the chapters so far? â€Å"This first chapter has shown that ethics is a big part of business. It can basically make or break a company. In the case of Starbucks, it has made them. They have based their business around social responsibility and ethics and have been able to maintain in an economy that has tanked because they treat their employees and customers right. According to our textbook, being ethical pays off with better employee performance, and higher employee honesty and integrity. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2013)† Bibliography Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., Ferrell, L. (2013). The Importance of Business Ethics. In O. C. Ferrell, J. Fraedrich, L. Ferrell, Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases (pp. 17-22). Mason: South-Westen.

Identifying the ideal self

Identifying the ideal self Page | 1 Contents Introduction 1. Identifying my Ideal Self 2. My Real Self 3. Feedback From Others 4. My Learning Agenda Conclustion References Introduction My name is Gavin le Roux and I am currently the Parts Manager at Hatfield VW Braamfontein. I have been employed in my current company almost 6 years, been a Parts Manager for the past 9 years and been in the Parts environment for over 13 years. I have many goals and aspirations, both personal and within my department, many of which I have achieved and excelled at and some which I am still working towards. One of my major goals is to become a Dealer Principal, and for me to be able to peruse this and be successful in achieving this I will need to become a more effective leader. So how do I become a more effective leader? Well first I to identify my Ideal Self which is the person I would ideally like to be and invasion myself to be, and to take the necessary steps and actions to work towards becoming that person. Second would be to understand myself better by means of acknowledging who I currently am, my core values, causes of my behavior. Thirdly I would need to gather honest feedback from others as to attain my current positive and negative behaviors. Lastly would be to populate a personal growth learning agenda to identify key growth areas. 1. Identifying my Ideal Self As a Manager at my company I have vision to both grow my department and myself. In being able to be successful at this I need to identify my Ideal Self, which is the person which I ideally desire to be. I have spent some time reflecting on where I currently am and what I have achieved at my company and where I would to take my department and myself to. During this process I have identified both strengths and weaknesses and have identified key characteristics and traits which I would require to master in being able to achieve in being my Ideal self within my company. These characteristics and traits are as follows: To be an effective and successful leader To be enthusiastic and have a positive attitude To support my team at all times and with all aspects Have excellent Interpersonal skills To be confident To communicate effectively with my team Inspiring Through these values I believe I can grow both my department and myself and be able to take my team and department to the next level and also reach my personal goals within the company which is to become a Dealer Principal. I want to leave a legacy behind me in my company and be known as the leader that took his department from zero to hero. A leader that set solid foundations, had great vision and implemented strategies to achieve his visions, a leader who was innovative and continually contributed to the growth of his department. Growth in my department will not come from me alone, but from me and my staff as a unit. For me to be able to get my staffs support and buy in I first need to master myself and understand myself in depth before I can master others and become a successful leader. The next step is achieving the necessary changes to myself in being able to get closer to being my Ideal Self is to apply Personal Mastery. Personal Mastery is the ability to see where I am as a person at present vs. the Ideal person I want to be, and to continually work towards improvement in being that person. As I have already identified my key traits in being my Ideal self within my company, Personal Mastery will now assist me in my journey towards continuous improvement towards applying my desired traits. It’s all about self-discipline and taking responsibility to implement the necessary changes. â€Å"People with a high level of personal mastery are acutely aware of their ignorance, their incompetence, their growth areas. And they are deeply self-confident† (Senge, 1990). In addition to Personal Mastery, Emotional Intelligence (EI) is another tool which will assist me in my journey to getting closer to my ideal self as it will assist me with the ability to deal effectively with my team. Daniel Goleman describes emotional intelligence as managing feelings so that they are expressed appropriately and effectively, enabling people to work together smoothly toward their common goals. Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions to promote emotional and intellectual growth (Mayer Salovey,1997) The ability to understand, interpret, and respond to the emotions of my staff will be a huge benefit for me in being a more effective leader. I am going to integrate my results from my Myers-Briggs Type indicator (MBTI) Personality report into EQ to illustrate my stronger areas and areas I need to focus on in terms of EQ. My MBTI results listed me as an ISFJ (Introversion, Sensing, Feeling, Judging) Personality. My Strong areas in relation to EQ are: I notice what needs to be done to help people, I am sympathetic, tactful, and supportive to others in need and I notice and do little things that help others feel good. Now looking at key components in EQ, Empathy is vital in understanding the others emotions and being able to handle them in accordance to their emotional reactions. I accept responsibility beyond the call of duty and follow through until my work is completed. This relates back to a key factor in EQ Motivation, which is the passion to work for reasons beyond money or status and to peruse goal with energy and persistence. My areas which I would need improvement on in relation to EQ are: When I am in a crisis, I find it difficult to remain calm and composed. I find it hard to hide my distress and worry until the situation is resolved. EQ is very much about self-awareness and self-regulation, I need to train myself to be more in tune with my moods and emotions, to control them better and be able understand them and use them more effectively. I am an Introvert and am hence reserved, quite, private. EQ requires Social Skill for the ability to manage relationships and build networks. Understanding Emotional Intelligence will play a key role in helping me grow as a leader. 2. My Real Self â€Å"Waking up to who you are requires letting go of who you imagine yourself to be.† (Alan Watts) I’ve learnt we as people often hide parts of our core personality behind a mask in an effort to cover-up our flaws and insecurities. We’ve been brought up in a world where people around us are like mirrors, reflecting distorted images of who we are and these distorted images are actually of their own brokenness and pain. This unfortunately submerges our true self beneath the surface. As soon as we try to reveal our trues self we are quickly judged and this pushes our true self even deeper under the surface and we replace it with a more acceptable self, a fake. I’m going to use a few tools to give you a look into my Real-Self or alternatively worded as my â€Å"True-Self†. First tool is the â€Å"My Ice-burg† concept which is based on an iceberg floating in the ocean with part of it above the waterline and the rest of it below the waterline. Above the waterline my mask, my cover-up to the world and also my conscious mind. Below the waterline is my True self, which has been suppressed over time by numerous factors, and this area is also my unconscious mind. I have identified myself as illustrated below: I need to allow all of which lays below the water line to surface and to face it head on to be able to unleash my true self. â€Å"Our true self is here now, but it has been pushed beneath the surface by the hands of time and pain and fear† The second tool is Life Positions which is based on views and beliefs about ourselves and others. There are 4 basic Life Positions and Franklyn Ernest (1971) created the diagram below to illustrate these positions: Franklyn Ernst (1971) After spending some time trying to be brutally honest with myself in identifying where I am positioned in this grid, I found myself to be between two quadrants which are â€Å"I am OK / You are OK† and â€Å"I am OK / You are not OK. So why between two quadrants? Well, I see myself as someone who is quite happy with both myself and others, I feel very much in control of my own life and don’t rely on others to achieve this, I have high standards and I don’t always look at others as having lower standards for themselves. In short I’m very much happy go lucky. Now, on the other hand I can also be find myself sometimes blaming others and wanting to be right and being firm. This is why I find myself to be between two quadrants, as I see mixed traits in my Real Self from both â€Å"I am OK / You are OK† and â€Å"I am OK / You are not OK. 3. Feedback From Others 4. My Learning Agenda Conclustion References Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: http://www.mountain-associates.co.uk/life_positions.html Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: http://www.becomeselfaware.com/the-importance-of-knowing-your-self.html Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: http://www.mytowntutors.com/2013/10/sigmund-freud-the-tip-of-the-iceberg/ Flanagan, D. K., n.d. [Online] Available at: http://drkellyflanagan.com/2013/01/18/the-secret-to-finding-your-true-self/ [Accessed 23 March 2013]. McCarthy, D., n.d. [Online] Available at: http://www.greatleadershipbydan.com/2010/01/top-12-development-goals-for-leaders.html [Accessed 03 April 2014]. mmolloy, n.d. [Online] Available at: http://www.mytowntutors.com/2013/10/sigmund-freud-the-tip-of-the-iceberg/ [Accessed 28 March 2014]. Montenegro, O., n.d. [Online] Available at: http://thethreestrategies.com/full-free-online-version/section-i-accountability/chapter-1-whats-your-excuse/mapping-the-archetypes/ [Accessed 26 March 2014].

Sri Lankan Economy Essay

Sri Lankan Economy Essay Sri Lanka proved to be the best bet in Asia in early 50s with its economic stability and well structured infrastructure. To prove that, when Former Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew visited in Sri Lanka in mid 50s, stated that Singapore would like to imitate Sri Lanka. Since gaining the independence in 1948, the progression of development in Sri Lanka has captured the thoughts of a mixture of economists and politicians. The ruling governments changed constantly and none of them could implement a national standpoint in the development of economy. 30 years on, the island country faced an unsullied problem in terrorism. The countrys economic development brought to a standstill since then. In addition to that, on 26th of December 2004, over one million citizens were exiled in a matter of hours as the Tsunami flowed across Sri Lankas shores. 34,000 died. 97,000 residences were either destroyed or damaged. Thousands of enterprises, including in the economically vital tourism sector , were destroyed. The desolation that swallowed up the country in those unpleasant days was difficult to describe. In this research, the aim of the author is to find methods to develop the economy of Sri Lanka which has been brought to a standstill by the terrorist activities in the island country. The liberation Tamil tigers of eelaam, commonly known as LTTE, were seeking a separate country and they had carried out several terror activities in the country since early 80s. The LTTE was mainly based in north and eastern parts of the island though they were active in the other areas and especially in the capital, Colombo. It made a huge impact on countrys economy in numerous ways such as downfall in tourism industry, agriculture industry, fisheries industry and foreign investments. Sri Lanka suffered huge set back in terms of economic development ever since. In this research, the author expect to locate that how terrorism had effected in Sri Lankan economy in the past 3 decades and which sectors had effected mainly and how Sri Lanka can recover and develop its economy with the end of the war. Colla pse in agriculture sector in north and eastern parts of the country, which is one third of the land directly affected the agricultural economy. Being a cultivated friendly soil and climate helped the northern and eastern part of the country to contribute to the economy but with the start of the war farmers were discouraged to involve in the industry as the conflict started to take lives of innocent civilians and land mines replaced the cultivations in the lands. Sri Lanka has sea area of which is 20 times the size of the country but LTTE had the control over one third of the coast line for the last 30 years. The LTTE used the sea route to smuggle arms and LTTE imposed a ban on fishing in their controlled areas. Even government had to impose some restrictions to the industry as they were concerned about the safety of the fishermen. Those restrictions composed low output in the industry which could have made a fortune by exporting raw and canned fish industry. As a result of the situa tion, thousands of local fishermen lived in LTTE control areas for last 30 years had a difficult existence. Foreign investments have taken away by the Insecurity of the country and investors were not encouraged with the unstable economy. An attack to the International Air Port of the city which cost billions to the government discourage the foreign investors to operate in Sri Lanka and several attempts to attack the main Ports of the country lead insurance companies to increase their charges which resulted in higher cost in productions directed investors to find other safe and low cost destinations especially in far east Asia. The attack to the International Air Port, attacks to some tourist destinations and bomb blasts in the capital, especially targeting the public, discouraged foreign visitors and some countries even impose ban on their citizen to visit Sri Lanka as they identified the country as an unsafe place to tour. Those situations resulted in lack of foreign currency flow in to the country as well as hotel industry collapsed with costing thousands of jobs for locals. Apart from t hose major sectors which could have contributed to the countrys economic development, LTTEs existence in the northern and eastern parts of the country prevented some local industries such as Salterns, Paper Industry, Ilmenite deposit sites and local cement industry. Had them not been terminated, the government could have save billions of rupees which had to pay for the exportation of above mentioned products and services and could have generate thousands of job opportunities to the locals which is a solution for the unemployment and uneasiness of the youths. This report mainly looks at various obstructions faced in the development procedure and the implementation of reforms, particularly with the end of 30 years long war. In the first part of the report, which is the literature review, the author examines the previous literature regarding Sri Lankan economy, effects of war to the economy, present and future development plans in books, journals and news paper articles and in the web. The second part examines the techniques to overcome the development difficulties to be the best commercial hub in Asia. Introduction Sri Lanka faces a historic prospect to progress from a lower-income country caught up in conflict, to a middle-income nation in permanent peace. Sri Lankas growth has reached a crucial stage. Thanks to fairly rapid economic growth that pushed per capita income over the US$ 1800 by 2010 and with traditionally high levels of human development, Sri Lanka is on the brink of becoming a matured middle-income nation. Until 2009, Sri Lankas growth had been controlled by three decades of conflict regardless of the countrys highly educated population. The conclusion of the conflict with the separatist LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) in 2009 offers an opportunity for the government to start on reforms and work with foreign sector together with private sector to establish a more dynamic and energetic economy. Sri Lanka had innate from the British colonial ruling a commercially well structured plantation sector when the time of independence in 1948. Tea, rubber and coconut contributed 90 per cent of the export revenue. About 40 years ago, Sri Lanka was measured as a paradise in Asia. It had the best communal indicators in the region. What a disappointment that this beautiful nation which was the utmost promises of the most demanding continent on the earth, Sri Lanka was incorporating into south Asian regular market and Colombo was rising as an important regional harbour as have turn out to be the greatest misfortune. Sri Lankas growth over the years took place under traumatic surroundings. It could not compete with the development successes of South Korea, Malaysia and Singapore which countries that had similar GDP levels to that of Sri Lanka in the late 50s. In early 80s Sri Lanka was ready for an economic resurgence. More than 40 foreign apparel firms had invested in board of Investments of Sri Lanka (BOI) controlled free-trade zone north of Colombo, and office towers been built on the city of Colombo in expectation of new economical revolution. Now the country that desired to be an economic centre of southern Asia has plunged behind such countries similar to Singapore and Malaysia. Since 1983, the danger of assaults by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) came into view as the separatist outfit fought for a self-governing Tamil state in the north and the east of Sri Lanka. As a result of this Sri Lankan governments could not take a contribution effectively from the affected area where almost 19,000 km2, which is 28% of the whole land of the country. Although the Sri Lankan armed forces defeated the LTTE in May 2009, the riot caused significant sufferings for the public, economy and environment of the country, with over 80,000 people formally listed as killed during its process. The cost of armed conflict had a great impact on the economy. It has two divisions in direct costs and indirect costs. Direct costs have a straight attribution to the conflict such as loss of capital assets and labour, other military expenses. Indirect costs are the loss of foreign capital; occur due to the security situation of the country, emigration of skilled work force and to urist outflows. Despite a fierce conflict that began in 1983, economic growth has maintained around 4.5%. In 2001, however, Gross Domestic Production (GDP) growth was negative (-) 1.4%, the only reduction since independence, as a result of poor administration of the military expenses of the SLFP lead government, which lead to huge government expenses and foreign borrowings. Growth then improved to 4.0% in 2002. Following the 2002 ceasefire agreement of the UNP government, which LTTE used to strengthen militarily and subsequent economic transformations, the economy developed more swiftly, recording growth rates of 6.0% and 5.4% in 2003 and2004 respectively it is recording a estimated growth of 5.40% in 2010. Sri Lankan government is forecasting a real GDP growth of an average 6.12% per annum between 2010 and 2014. During the period of 2010-2014, the government is planning to increase GDP per capita by 72% from $36.8 billion and a 7.8% annual growth during 2010-2014. With the end of conflict, huge part in the North and East of the country, abandoned for nearly 30 years, stand to accept a considerable encouraging motivation. Peace is broadly expected to introduce a new life into the tourism sector, which so far could not obtain its full potential. After over a quarter century of terrorists danger, Sri Lanka is finally observing a rising in tourism. The island with plentiful natural beauty is attracting visitors, mainly from India, not just with beautiful beaches, forests and wild animals, but also with new appeals like ayurveda (a historic herbal Medicare system) and adventure. With the victorious ending of the decades-long conflict in last May 2009 and the re-opening of the major north-south A9 highway, local and foreign tourists have driven or flown to Sri Lankas North and East to visit places of religious and natural attractions. Security circumstances in the country give a new hope for the residents; especially in north and east. With the flow of people to their regions, they have involved in micro businesses; start making an income for their lives rather than being in clutches of LTTE. People of the north and east are naturally experts in Agriculture and fishing. The Sri Lankan Government is planning to restore these lost livelihoods of the people of the North as an outcome of the conflict. Although the North cannot be built up in a hurry given the destruction it has suffered during the past 30 years, the Government is dedicated to restoring the shattered economy as well as cultural and social life as quickly as possible. A boost in foreign investment and tourism, along with enhanced employment and large-scale rebuilding projects in the North, are expected to maintain and accelerate Sri Lankas development in the near future. The country also rises to attract more Foreign Direct Investment through BOI especi ally in the rapidly increasing business process outsourcing sector (BPO) which embraces considerable guarantee. The future of Sri Lanka changed when former Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa elected as the head of the state. The President defeated the barbaric LTTE outfit, 4 years in to his office and has started the promised economic development throughout the country. President Rajapaksas broad economic tactic was summarized in his election manifesto in 2009, which now directs government economic strategy. The policies focus on navigating investments in to disadvantaged areas; developing the small and medium enterprises (SME); poverty alleviation and promotion of agriculture, tourism and expanding the civil service. The government has structured a 10-year development framework to improve growth through a mixture of large infrastructure projects. The government discards the privatization of state owned enterprises, including airports, electrical utilities and strategically valued enterprises such as state-owned banks. Instead, it plans to keep ownership and administration of these enterprises a nd operating them as profitable institutes. According to Guerrero, I. (2010) Sri Lanka, emerging from three decade-long armed conflict, is at a critical juncture of transition to a middle income country in lasting peace. Kohona, P.T.B. (2010) States that Sri Lanka is at a critical juncture in its history and its development process must continue. Kohona, P.T.B (2010) further states that as normalcy returns, Sri Lankan companies established abroad, are beginning to discover the opportunities opening up especially in the areas of tourism, fisheries and agriculture. The North and the East present inspiring prospects in these areas. Special encouragements are provided by the administration for investing in the North and the East. This is in addition to the encouragements provided for all foreign investments. World Bank (2010) states that Sri Lankas economy expanded by 3.3% in the second half of 2009, the fastest rate recorded since 2002. Increases in foreign direct investment and tourism are expected to sustain and accelerate Sri Lankas growth throughout 2010. Indicators, such as increased registration in new motor-vehicle registration and electricity generation, confirmed a strong increase in economic activity for the region. In addition, the agriculture, transportation, and communication sectors showed strong performance in the last quarter of 2009. Colombo Page (2010) states that the Sri Lankan government targets to increase the countrys per capita income to USD 4,000 over the next five years under the presidents (Hon. Mahinda Rajapaksa) elections economic manifesto. The manifesto maps out a development plan to increase the per capita income to USD 4,000 by 2015 from the current income of USD 2,000 and the plan is based on development in five sectors naval, aviation, knowledge, commerce, and energy while the government expect the commitment from the general public to develop the country and uplift the living standards of the population. Ports Ports and cargo handling have a huge promise in development of Sri Lankan economy. Being close to an international shipping route will give the advantage to the government to capitalize. There was a lack of international ships operations in Sri Lanka over the past two decades due to terrorist activities. That resulted in fewer foreign exchange gaining. The end of the conflict has given the government of Sri Lanka to invest in new ports projects to enhance the gross domestic production of the country. According to Daily News (2010) Sri Lanka Port Authority (SLPA) declared that the Colombo Port records a highest ever monthly container throughput in March 2010. It has handled a record volume of 360,801 TEUs (Twenty foot Equivalent Units) with a growth rate of 27.4 percent, showing signs of an economic boom in the immediate future. Sri Lanka Colombo port gains many opportunities to enhance the economy with the proximity of the port to India and other major shipping routes between Asia an d Europe. Another 286 hectares will be added and expand the area in order to enhance the international marine industry services. Construction of the fourth terminal increases the Colombos cargo facility by 50 %. The SLPA has embarked on a number of mega development projects aiming at capacity expansion and other state-of-the-art technological requirements with a view to making SLPA on par with the top notch ports in the world. Colombo Page (2010) States that the Sri Lankan government is aiming to commence novel projects to gain international support and to widen the ports network in the country. Reuters (2010) states that Sri Lankan government is seeking sponsorships from external investors for the $1.5 billion Hambantota port project and the external investments will coincide with the November opening of the port on Sri Lankas southern coast, along an ancient Silk Road trading route and one of the worlds biggest East-West shipping lanes. The poor economy can be improved by this single large project by the services which are involving. War was a major point which let the economy down for more than quarter century and this is going to be an opportunity to renovate the economy status. External and internal companies are encouraged by Sri Lankan government to operate new $550 million tax free port zone plans to invite overseas and local companies to set up operations in a new $550 million tax free port zone in order to enhance the outcome. Ondaatjie, A. (2010) states that the Island is also 19 miles south east of India, the worlds second fastest growing major economy. The openi ng of the shipbuilding, ship repair and warehouse facilities will be provided by Companies from Australia, India, China, Russia and Dubai. It is beneficial to Sri Lanka being situated on the route between the Malacca straights and the Suez Canal. The canal is a connection between Asia and Europe. Usually 47 ships a day utilize Suez Canal which can be an advantage. Sri Lankas Hambantota port project is moderately prepared to carry out the functions by November 2010. Port World (2010) States that the first phase of the project consists of two general purpose berths, one bunkering berth and a small craft berth of 120 metres long. The $360 million first phase includes a $76.5 million bunker terminal with an initial capacity of 500,000 metric tonnes (mt).The terminal will have 14 tanks for marine fuel and six others for aviation fuel and LPG. The completion of the four stages of the port project will be within next 15 years from 2007. The project is a chance to advance many areas including employments, public services, airport, Highways, railways, refinery and ancillary facilities. Countrys economy will be benefitted from the project and Hambantota which was a neglected region will improve in to a commercial city not only in the country but in the South Asian region. Inhabitants had to endure due to the shortage of proper accommodation, water, elec tricity and employments. This can be a huge occasion for the residents of Hambantota with thousands of upcoming job opportunities. In completion of the two major harbours, Sri Lanka can expect a mammoth improvement in economy in coming 5 to 10 years. Aviation When operations at its peak, the LTTE even had Air military unit and they had six runways. After capturing them all, government now plans to improve them in to local air destinations for tourists and training bases. Colombo Page (2010) states that the government decide to put up a complex equipped with a training and research institute in Iranamadu in order to reconstruct the affected area. The LTTE during their reign had built six airstrips in the thick jungles of the North and the strip at Iranamadu near an irrigation reservoir was the main site for their tiny air wing. With the influx of tourist to the country with the end of the conflict, Sri Lanka is planning to expand its aviation industry. BBC (2010) claims that China is going to provide $200m (Â £133m) to Sri Lanka for the second international airport in the southern part of the country and work has already begun on the airport. In addition to the second International Airport, India also planned to build an Airport in northern part of the country. According to Business Standard (2010) Airports Authority of India (AAI) is planning to build an airport at Palali in northern Sri Lanka. The project will improve the relationship with southern India which had uneasiness during the war time. With the end of the conflict, Sri Lanka Air Force (SLAF) has started a domestic flight service and it has turned into a well-liked mode of transportation between the North and the South. Colombo Page (2010) States that the Helitours has flown 2,669 passengers and was the only fastest route to travel to Jaffna in the North before the main A9 Jaffna-Kandy highway was opened. Helitours offers scheduled flights to Palely in Jaffna Peninsula and China Bay in Trincomalee in the East. In addition to domestic aviation, there is a huge increase in international aviation as highest ticketing sales have reported in the march in this year. According to Perera, H. (2010) the sales for the month of March 2010 were over Rs. 2.6 billion to various destinations. Arrival of more tourists has shown a great improvement in aviation industry in Sri Lanka which is an indication of increase the tourism in the country. Agriculture According to Kohona, P.T.B (2010) the agricultural infrastructure demolished by the LTTE is in the process of restoring. According to World Bank (2010) improving the agricultural field will assist to increased agricultural production in the North. It will hold the food prices low and Inflation is anticipated to go relatively low in 2010. It is noticed that now there is a huge demand for the tea export. Positive weather patterns, appropriate use of fertilizer and economic improvement in the country are the other contributions. According to Colombo Page (2010) there is an increase by 27.8 percent in six months of 2009 than 2010 which was 166.9 million kilos. The increase of tea production from 24.9 to 29.5 is a proof that the tea production has increases in 2010 than in 2009.The demand for Sri Lanka tea declined in world market during the past period due to a number of reasons including restrictions from some Europe countries in terms of international trading facilities (GSP+) as a result of the conflict. According to Radio Netherlands Worldwide (2010) increase in the crop allowed gaining the record of 1.4 billion dollars from tea export in this year. They earned 1.3 billion dollars in export sales in 2009 from foreign market under the trade name of Ceylon Tea. Tea shipments from January to June rose to 143.3 million from 134.5 million kilograms in the same period of 2009. Sri Lanka expects to maximise the volume with new markets in the future as country is heading without a political and economic uneasiness. With the conclusion of the terrorist activities, Sri Lanka has begun to improve the economy which based on a home grown system. On the other hand, it protects the traditions of local farmers as well. The government plans to find out a method to save the money which they spent on foreign products. According to Colombo Page (2010) setting up a process to produce liquid milk is one of the results of it. As annually, 20 billion rupees are spent to import milk powder products from international markets. One of the proposals is to launch two Ultra-Heat Treated (UHT) milk processing plants in Milco in Colombo and in Polonnaruwa. By 2015 the government expect to increase the milk production from 22% to 50%. Encouraging the public to utilize of fresh milk is a step to save billions of rupees on imported powdered milk. Fisheries Apart from Hambanthota harbour government is building one of the largest fisheries port in recently captured are of Eastern province. According to Bandara, S.A. (2010) the construction of a harbour in the Eastern Province was decided in the Government as part of a broader infrastructural development drive undertaken to improve the quality of life and ensure economic growth. Construction of Oluvil harbour with a trade complex and a fisheries port in Eastern coast will be terminated sooner than the end of the year. It is proposed to open for the public by the beginning of 2011. The main purpose of the harbour is to progress all the activities in the Eastern region. The government is also planning to promote the newly captured areas as tourist destinations in addition to fisheries industry. Colombo Page (2010) States that under the Northern development plans, Mullative, former military base of LTTE, is proposed to open for tourists with some great facilities as well as fisheries-based e ngineering equipment industry. Tourism According to Colombo page (2010) after the war Sri Lankan tourism industry is recovering and showing a great path following the end of the war last year and has seen an increase in the number of foreign tourist arrivals to the country. Colombo Page (2010) further states that the tourism industry has increased comparing to last year with nearly 16 percent. Irish Sun (2010) states that after the historic defeat of terrorism, the tourism industry has been on the rise with increased interest from foreign tourists as well. Interactive Investor (2010) illustrates that first five months of 2009, tourist industry has gone down by 19.8% due to the war. When compared to last year it has boost from 21.7% with the ending of the war in May. Colombo Page (2010) states that more hotel room accommodations were required by the end of the conflict in may 2009 with the demand of the tourist industry. The tourist arrivals have been steadily increasing and tourist arrivals rose nearly 48% in June compare d to 2009. Most of the hotels are in a competition with each other to supply more accommodation and services to arrival of tourists to the country. The Tourism Board of Sri Lanka expects to attract 2.5 million tourists by 2016 and to earn 2 billion-dollar annual income. According to World Bank (2010) the hotel industry is growing approximately 32% due to an arrival of tourists raise the hotel industry by around 32% after the end of the conflict. It was increased from 34,000 to 52,352 at the end of June 2010. Colombo Page (2010) states that the Indians topped the list of tourists arriving in the country with 8,607 and tourists from United Kingdom (8,559) and Germany (5,305) are closely follow. According to The Island (2010) considering the industrys potential to grow in post-war Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (SLTDA) estimates that income from this sector could reach around US$ 600 million this year, from an estimated number of 600,000 total arrivals. Tourism industry is speedily rising and the year 2011 has been listed as the visit Sri Lanka. In January this year, visitors from Middle East rising from 1,176 to 2,674 and the growth rate were 127.4% where as Western Europe had around 445 visitors which was an increase of 87.8 %. The number of Eastern Europe tourists developed by 55.8 percent while entrance from South Asia increased by 28.2 %. SLTDA plans to develop another 13,000 new rooms to compete the demand from increasing arrivals. In addition to that The Island (2010) states that the tourism board had planned to increase the yield per visitor from the current US$80 to US$130 for 2009. Colombo page, (2010) states according to the government statistics, almost 4 million tourists of both foreign and locals have visited in Jaffna, the capital of Northern Province after the end of the war. A huge number of travellers turned up in the east to visit the beaches in the area. The government also plans to establish a tourist corridor along the coastal line connecting Arugum Bay, Pasikkudah Beach in Batticaloa and Nilaweli Beach in Trincomalee. Infrastructure of the Jaffna and East cities, hotels and other services should be improved to meet the increasing demand of tourism. Sri Lankan tourists board is showing more attention on bring the number of tourists close to 1.5 million by year 2011. At the moment Sri Lanka has nearly 14,500 hotel rooms in the country. The government needs to take it up to close to 50,000 by then. Irish Sun (2010) States that the developmental plans and marketing plans being worked out to attract as many foreign visitors as possible. Vigorous promoti ons in terms of trade and consumer fairs will take place in their key markets. Britain, Middle East, India, France, Germany and China are the leading countries of it. Usually the product offering has been limited to sun, sand and sea. Now novel product offerings are being developed to improve the observed component of tourism. They are consisting of ayurveda, eco-tourism, and wildlife adventure tourism. Even tourists are happy to be in the country that boasts of beautiful, clean beaches, tempting water sports, breathtaking mountains, abundant rivers and waterfalls and an abundance of wildlife. According to The Island (2010) the government is discussing a US$ 18 million loan with World Bank in order to develop the infrastructure to satisfy the short time rising demand in tourist industry. That would distribute US$ 4.8 million to arrange business plans, improve technical capacity and to carry out existing laws which is related to tourism. US$ 8.1 million is earmarked to develop tourism infrastructure in the East which was demolished by LTTE in last 3 decades. The project plans to employ local communities and include them in the operation. Another US$ 4.6 million is used to support in form a business model to continue tourism for a longer period. Industries, Investments and Infrastructure Development Central Bank of Sri Lanka (2010) States that the northern region devastated by the decades-long conflict is seeing an economic revival with the opening of A-9 highway, the main land route that connects the northern Jaffna peninsula with the southern main land. With the economic prospects in the northern part of the country are increasing day by day, its vital that the central bank also planning to set up a local offices for the benefit of the people and Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank (HSBC) is the first foreign bank to open a branch of over 90 banking facilities has been approved by the CBSL to operate in the northern region. In addition to that, Colombo Page (2010) states that Japan has hold discussions on a wide range of Japanese aid for post-war development in the country including Japanese investors to play an energetic role in the development of infrastructure in variety of fields including highways, power and energy, irrigation systems, and the health sector. Colombo Page (2010) further states that the Asian Development Bank (ADB) had announced that it is providing US$150 million in emergency loan to the Government of Sri Lanka for projects which will support reconstruction of urgently-needed infrastructure, to restore essential services and revive livelihood opportunities for people in war-affected regions. ADBs aid will increase and strengthen the reconstruction of immediately needed necessary economic and social infrastructure and organizational services, and create sustainable employment prospects in the war-torn area. According to Kuroda, H (2010) one year after a decades-old civil conflict ended in Sri Lanka, top priority of development is to make sure that rapid reconstruction continues in the conflict-affected areas and the benefits of development reach everyone in the country. This attempt will promote investments in undersized areas including the areas affected by the conflict. Colombo Page (2010) reports that the Central bank o f Sri Lanka (CBSL) has established a special loan scheme to the benefit of the small and medium scale businesses in the war ravaged north and aims to uplift the livelihood of their people. It is really important to uplift the micro and medium scale business in the area parallel to the development of other infrastructures as this process help to rebuild the peoples livelihood but all the financial grants should be disburse through a well structured system. Among the promising enterprises in the area, food processing and especially canned fish industry hold a great stake. Shivaramakrishnan, P. (2010) states that the food processing industry in Jaffna will get a big boost as a result of the first International Trade Fair and it is organised to improve and uplift the economy of Jaffna resulting upon the situation being better now. Due to the conflict in the area, no equipment or any technological development has reache